Breaking the document flow in LaTeX is not recommended unless you are creating a macro. Anyway, sometimes is necessary to have more control over the layout of the document; and for this reason in this article is explained how to insert line breaks, page breaks and arbitrary blank spaces.
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Introduction
The most standard way how to break lines is to create a new paragraph.This is done by leaving an empty line in the code.
This is not the only command to insert line breaks, in the next section two more will be presented.
Line breaks
As mentioned before, there's more than one way to insert line breaks.
There are three commands here that work the same in the example:
(two backslashes)newlinehfill break
For more line-breaking commands see the reference guide.
Page breaks
There are two commands to insert page breaks, clearpage and newpage. Below is an example using clearpage.
If the command clearpage is used, and there are stacked floating elements, such as tables or figures, they will be flushed out before starting the new page. In the example above the same image is inserted three times. Since the page break is inserted before all the figures are displayed, remaining images are inserted in an empty page before continuing with the text below the break point.
If this is not what you need, you can use newpage instead.
In this case the images are placed in the new page trying to fit the text flow.
Horizontal blank spaces
Horizontal spaces of arbitrary length may be inserted with hspace.
There are two commands that insert horizontal blank spaces in this example:
hspace{1cm}- Inserts a horizontal space whose length is 1cm. Other LaTeX units can be used with this command.
hfill- Inserts a blank space that will stretch accordingly to fill the space available.
The commands hrulefill and dotfill do the same as hfill but instead of blank spaces they insert a horizontal ruler and a string of dots, respectively.
Vertical blank spaces
Vertical blank spaces have the same syntax as horizontal ones.
Let's see the two commands that insert vertical blank spaces.
vspace{5mm}- Inserts a vertical spaces whose length is 5mm. Other LaTeX units can be used with this command.
vfill- Inserts a blank space that will stretch accordingly to fill the vertical space available. That's why the line 'Text at the bottom of the page.' is moved to the bottom, and the rest of the space is filled in.
There are other three commands commonly used to insert vertical blank spaces
smallskip- Adds a 3pt space plus or minus 1pt depending on other factors (document type, available space, etc)
medskip- Adds a 6pt space plus or minus 2pt depending on other factors (document type, available space, etc)
bigskip- Adds a 12pt space plus or minus 4pt depending on other factors (document type, available space, etc)
Reference guide
Additional line-breaking commands
- (two backslashes and an asterisk)
breaks the line at the point of the command and additionally prohibits a page break after the forced line break.
breaks the line without filling the current line. This will result in very bad formatting if you do not fill the line yourself. To fill the line, we can use it as given below.
This will produce the same result as newline and .
Additionally, LaTeX provides the following advanced option for line break.
It breaks the line at the point of the command. The number provided as an argument represents the priority of the command in a range of 0 to 4. (0 means it will be easily ignored and 4 means do it anyway). When this line break option is used, LaTeX will try to produce the best line breaks possible.
Further reading
For more information see:
Overleaf guides
LaTeX Basics
Mathematics
Figures and tables
References and Citations
Languages
Document structure
Formatting
Latex Editor Mac
Fonts
Presentations
Commands
Field specific
Class files
Advanced TeX/LaTeX
LaTeX is free software under the terms of the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL). LaTeX is distributed through CTAN servers or comes as part of many easily installable and usable TeX distributions provided by the TeX User Group (TUG) or third parties. If you run into trouble, visit the help section.
LaTeX is not a stand-alone typesetting program in itself, but document preparation software that runs on top of Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting system. TeX distributions usually bundle together all the parts needed for a working TeX system and they generally add to this both configuration and maintenance utilities. Nowadays LaTeX, and many of the packages built on it, form an important component of any major TeX distribution.
- The LaTeX Git Repository
The LaTeX team cannot guarantee that TeX distributions, even recent ones, contain the most recent version of LaTeX. It may happen that you need a more recent LaTeX than the one that your favourite TeX distribution carries, e.g., in order to get a particular bug fix. In that case you will need to fetch LaTeX from CTAN and install it on top of your distribution. See below for details.
Latex Editor Online
TeX Distributions
If you’re new to TeX and LaTeX or just want an easy installation, geta full TeX distribution. The TeX Users Group (TUG) has a list of notable distributionsthat are entirely, or least primarily, free software.
Linux
Check your Linux distributions software source for a TeX distribution including LaTeX. You can also install the current TeX Live distribution directly---in fact this may be advisable as many Linux distributions only contain older versions of TeX Live, see Linux TeX Live package status for details.
Mac OS
The MacTeX distribution contains everything you need, including a complete TeX system with LaTeX itself and editors to write documents.
Windows
Check out the MiKTeX or proTeXt or TeX Live distributions; they contain a complete TeX system with LaTeX itself and editors to write documents.
Online
LaTeX online services like Papeeria, Overleaf, ShareLaTeX, Datazar, and LaTeX base offer the ability to edit, view and download LaTeX files and resulting PDFs.
CTAN
You can obtain LaTeX from CTAN, which is theprimary source of distribution for LaTeX. In order for your downloadedLaTeX to be of any use, you have to obtain and set up a TeX systemfirst. You can either install a TeX distribution (see above) or get aTeX system from CTAN. Ifyou use a TeX distribution then it will include a version of LaTeX sothis will probably make things easier for you; but you may have areason not to do this.
The LaTeX Git Repository
These days the LaTeX development sources are kept in a GitHubrepository (previously we used SVN).
Anyone can access it and download the files, butsubmission is restricted to team members. The repository is located at https://github.com/latex3/latex2eand from that browser page you may explore the files, clone therepository or download the files in a .zip archive (roughly 25Mb) byusing the appropriate buttons.
If you are familiar with Git you can also clone the repository using thecommand line or your favorite Git fontend tool, e.g.,
which needs about 50Mb of space.Alternatively, you can do a Subversion checkout from the command line, e.g.,
which will just checkout the current files.But be aware that a SVN checkout of the form
will download all files including theirhistory (back to 2009) and amounts to roughly 1.4Gb so that is quite large.
There are two commands to insert page breaks, clearpage and newpage. Below is an example using clearpage.
If the command clearpage is used, and there are stacked floating elements, such as tables or figures, they will be flushed out before starting the new page. In the example above the same image is inserted three times. Since the page break is inserted before all the figures are displayed, remaining images are inserted in an empty page before continuing with the text below the break point.
If this is not what you need, you can use newpage instead.
In this case the images are placed in the new page trying to fit the text flow.
Horizontal blank spaces
Horizontal spaces of arbitrary length may be inserted with hspace.
There are two commands that insert horizontal blank spaces in this example:
hspace{1cm}- Inserts a horizontal space whose length is 1cm. Other LaTeX units can be used with this command.
hfill- Inserts a blank space that will stretch accordingly to fill the space available.
The commands hrulefill and dotfill do the same as hfill but instead of blank spaces they insert a horizontal ruler and a string of dots, respectively.
Vertical blank spaces
Vertical blank spaces have the same syntax as horizontal ones.
Let's see the two commands that insert vertical blank spaces.
vspace{5mm}- Inserts a vertical spaces whose length is 5mm. Other LaTeX units can be used with this command.
vfill- Inserts a blank space that will stretch accordingly to fill the vertical space available. That's why the line 'Text at the bottom of the page.' is moved to the bottom, and the rest of the space is filled in.
There are other three commands commonly used to insert vertical blank spaces
smallskip- Adds a 3pt space plus or minus 1pt depending on other factors (document type, available space, etc)
medskip- Adds a 6pt space plus or minus 2pt depending on other factors (document type, available space, etc)
bigskip- Adds a 12pt space plus or minus 4pt depending on other factors (document type, available space, etc)
Reference guide
Additional line-breaking commands
- (two backslashes and an asterisk)
breaks the line at the point of the command and additionally prohibits a page break after the forced line break.
breaks the line without filling the current line. This will result in very bad formatting if you do not fill the line yourself. To fill the line, we can use it as given below.
This will produce the same result as newline and .
Additionally, LaTeX provides the following advanced option for line break.
It breaks the line at the point of the command. The number provided as an argument represents the priority of the command in a range of 0 to 4. (0 means it will be easily ignored and 4 means do it anyway). When this line break option is used, LaTeX will try to produce the best line breaks possible.
Further reading
For more information see:
Overleaf guides
LaTeX Basics
Mathematics
Figures and tables
References and Citations
Languages
Document structure
Formatting
Latex Editor Mac
Fonts
Presentations
Commands
Field specific
Class files
Advanced TeX/LaTeX
LaTeX is free software under the terms of the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL). LaTeX is distributed through CTAN servers or comes as part of many easily installable and usable TeX distributions provided by the TeX User Group (TUG) or third parties. If you run into trouble, visit the help section.
LaTeX is not a stand-alone typesetting program in itself, but document preparation software that runs on top of Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting system. TeX distributions usually bundle together all the parts needed for a working TeX system and they generally add to this both configuration and maintenance utilities. Nowadays LaTeX, and many of the packages built on it, form an important component of any major TeX distribution.
- The LaTeX Git Repository
The LaTeX team cannot guarantee that TeX distributions, even recent ones, contain the most recent version of LaTeX. It may happen that you need a more recent LaTeX than the one that your favourite TeX distribution carries, e.g., in order to get a particular bug fix. In that case you will need to fetch LaTeX from CTAN and install it on top of your distribution. See below for details.
Latex Editor Online
TeX Distributions
If you’re new to TeX and LaTeX or just want an easy installation, geta full TeX distribution. The TeX Users Group (TUG) has a list of notable distributionsthat are entirely, or least primarily, free software.
Linux
Check your Linux distributions software source for a TeX distribution including LaTeX. You can also install the current TeX Live distribution directly---in fact this may be advisable as many Linux distributions only contain older versions of TeX Live, see Linux TeX Live package status for details.
Mac OS
The MacTeX distribution contains everything you need, including a complete TeX system with LaTeX itself and editors to write documents.
Windows
Check out the MiKTeX or proTeXt or TeX Live distributions; they contain a complete TeX system with LaTeX itself and editors to write documents.
Online
LaTeX online services like Papeeria, Overleaf, ShareLaTeX, Datazar, and LaTeX base offer the ability to edit, view and download LaTeX files and resulting PDFs.
CTAN
You can obtain LaTeX from CTAN, which is theprimary source of distribution for LaTeX. In order for your downloadedLaTeX to be of any use, you have to obtain and set up a TeX systemfirst. You can either install a TeX distribution (see above) or get aTeX system from CTAN. Ifyou use a TeX distribution then it will include a version of LaTeX sothis will probably make things easier for you; but you may have areason not to do this.
The LaTeX Git Repository
These days the LaTeX development sources are kept in a GitHubrepository (previously we used SVN).
Anyone can access it and download the files, butsubmission is restricted to team members. The repository is located at https://github.com/latex3/latex2eand from that browser page you may explore the files, clone therepository or download the files in a .zip archive (roughly 25Mb) byusing the appropriate buttons.
If you are familiar with Git you can also clone the repository using thecommand line or your favorite Git fontend tool, e.g.,
which needs about 50Mb of space.Alternatively, you can do a Subversion checkout from the command line, e.g.,
which will just checkout the current files.But be aware that a SVN checkout of the form
will download all files including theirhistory (back to 2009) and amounts to roughly 1.4Gb so that is quite large.
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Note: If you had bookmarked the old SVN repository please update thatbookmark to the new GIT repository as we have finally removed it.
A note on Git pull requests
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Git repositories support distributed development and allow people toprovide change sets that are made available through so called pullrequests, so that the maintainers of a program can “pull the suggestedchanges” into the main repository.
While we appreciate contributions, we think that for the core LaTeXsoftware pull requests are usually not a good approach (unless thechange has be already discussed and agreed upon).The stability of LaTeX is very important and this means that changes tothe kernel are necessarily very conservative. It also means that a lotof discussion has to happen before any changes are made. So if you dodecide to post a pull request, please bear this in mind: we doappreciate ideas, but cannot always integrate them into the kernel andit is quite likely that we reject updates made in this way.
If you want to discuss a possible contribution before (or instead of)making a pull request, we suggest you raise the topic first onthe LATEX-L list or drop aline to the team.
Historic LaTeX
Ulrik Vieth has collected historic versions of LaTeX from LaTeX 2.0for TeX 1.0 (released on 11 December 1983) onwards. You can find thematftp://ftp.tug.org/historic/macros/latex-saildart/.There might even be some earlier versions. All files have been pulledfrom the SAILDART archive site at http://z.baumgart.org/ (no longeronline) which was based on archive tapes from SAIL at Stanford.
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More historic material can be found at ftp://ftp.tug.org/historic (you may not be able to open this in all browsers — alternatively try https://www.math.utah.edu/pub/tex/historic/).
